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eBook Description
Now completely revised and updated, this definitive reference provides a comprehensive resource on the fundamental principles of lubricant application, what products are available, and which lubricants are most effective for specific applications. It also offers a detailed and highly practical discussion of lubrication delivery systems. You’ll gain a clearer understanding of the "why" of relevant industrial lubrication practices, and, importantly, how these practices will facilitate optimized results. Lubricant applications covered include bearings and machine elements in earthbound electric motors, process pumps, gas compressors, gas and steam turbines, as well as many other machine types. An examination of the most advantageous ways to procure lubricants, to understand contaminant filtration, and to implement cost-justified means of lubricant storage is presented. Also provided are expert tips on lubricant handling techniques, procedural setups, how and when to perform oil analyses, critical maintenance practices, equipment reliability issues, and more.
Table of Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Forewords To the Third Edition
- Chapter 1 Principles of Lubrication
- Friction
- Lubricants
- Base Oil Types
- Base Oil Properties
- Lubricant Film Regimes
- Fluid Friction
- Bearing Efficiency
- Additional Lubricant Additives
- Break-in
- Bearing Metals
- Wear
- Common Wear Mechanisms
- Grease Lubrication
- How Lubricants Fail in Service
- Chapter 2 Lubricant Categories
- Liquid Lubricants
- Cohesive Lubricants
- Categorizing and Grouping Base Oils
- Solid Lubricants
- Lubricating Oils
- Tribotechnical Data
- Chapter 3 Lubricant Testing
- Air Entrainment
- Aniline Point
- Ash Content
- Auto-Ignition Temperature
- Biodegradation and Ecotoxicity
- Cloud Point
- Color Scale Comparison
- Composition Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
- Consistency of Grease (Penetration)
- Copper Strip Corrosion
- Demulsibility
- Density
- Dielectric Strength
- Dilution of Crank Case Oils
- Distillation
- Dropping Point of Grease
- Ecotoxicity
- Flash and Fire Points—Open Cup
- Flash Point-Closed Cup
- Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
- Four-Ball Wear Test—ASTM D 2266
- Four-Ball EP Test—ASTM D 2596
- Gravity
- Grease Consistency
- Interfacial Tension
- Load-Carrying Ability
- Neutralization Number
- Octane Number
- Oil Content of Petroleum Wax
- Oil Separation in Grease Storage
- Oxidation Stability—Oils
- Oxidation Stability—Greases
- Penetration
- Pentane and Toluene insolubles
- Pour Point and Cloud Point
- Power Factor
- Refractive index
- Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT)
- Rust-Preventive Characteristics
- Saponification Number
- Timken Extreme Pressure Tests
- USP/NF Tests for White Mineral Oils
- UV Absorbance
- Vapor Pressure
- Viscosity
- Viscosity Classifications Comparison
- Viscosity index
- Water Washout
- Water and Sediment
- Wax Melting Point
- Wheel Bearing Grease Leakage
- Chapter 4 General Purpose R&O Oils
- Are All “R&O” Oils the Same?
- Additive formulation
- Designing a Line of R&O Lubricants
- Extreme Pressure (EP) R&O Lubricants
- Superior R&O Oils Cover a Wide Range of Pumps
- Hydraulic Applications for R&O Oils
- Universal Application of R&O Oils
- A Heat Transfer Fluid That Keeps Its Cool
- Teresstic Use in Self-Lubricating Bearings
- Chapter 5 Hydraulic Fluids
- Hydraulic Oils for Extended
- Temperature Range
- Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
- Environment-Friendly Hydraulic Fluids
- Chapter 6 Food Grade and “Environment Friendly” Lubricants
- Why Use Food-Grade Lubricants?
- What Performance Features Are Needed?
- Overview of USDA H-2 Approved Lubricants
- Food-Grade Polyalkylene (PAG)
- Synthetic Lubricants
- “Environment Friendly” Lubricants Benefits and Drawbacks
- “Environment Friendly” Hydraulic Fluids: Concepts and Claims
- Comparing Vegetable Based Environment Friendly Hydraulic Fluids to the Newer Synthetic Based Fluids
- Chapter 7 Synthetic Lubricants
- Formulations
- Origin of Synthetic Lubes
- Examining Synthetic Lubes
- Properties and Advantages
- Case Histories
- Synthetic Lubricants for Extreme Pressure and Temperature
- Case Histories Involving PAO-Based Synthetic EP Oils
- Diesters: Another Synthetics Option
- Application Summary for Diester-Base Synthetic Lubricants
- High Film Strength Synthetic Lubricants
- Chapter 8 Lubricating Greases
- Industrial Greases and Typical Properties
- Chapter 9 Pastes, Waxes and Tribosystems
- Lubricating Pastes
- Chapter 10 Lubricant Delivery Systems
- Manual Lubrication Systems
- Automated Single Point Lubrication (SPL) Devices and Systems
- Automated Centralized Lubrication Systems
- Circulating Lubrication Systems
- Open, Centralized Oil Lubrication Systems
- Air-Oil Lubrication Systems
- Single Line Resistance (SLR) Systems
- Single Supply Line Parallel System (Positive Displacement Injector)
- Dual Supply Line Parallel System
- Series Progressive Divider Systems
- Pump to Point Lubrication System
- Black Oil formation in Bearing Housings
- Injector Pump Systems
- Oil Mist Lubrication Technology and Applications
- Benefits and Description of An Oil Mist Lubrication System
- Cost-Justiying Oil Mist in Modern Oil Refineries
- Summary and Consideration of Oil Mist Lubricants
- Lubrication Delivery System Pumps—Mechanical and Pneumatic Activated Types
- Lubrication Controllers and Signal Devices
- Maintaining Your Centralized Lubrication Delivery System
- Chapter 11 Lubricating Bearings and Other Machine Elements
- Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings
- Tilting Pad Radial Bearings
- Combination Thrust and Radial Bearings
- Lubrication of Machine Elements
- Bearing Protector Seals
- Chapter 12 Lubricating Gears
- Lubricant Selection for Closed Gears
- Lubrication of Large Open Gears
- Lubrication of Worm Gears
- Lubrication of Small Gears
- Testing the Performance of Gear Oils
- Gear Coupling Lubrication
- Lubrication of Small Geared Blowers
- Chapter 13 Lubricating Electrical Motors
- Application Limits for Greases Used in Electric Motor Bearings
- Relubrication Frequency (for Grease) Recommended by Motor Manufacturers
- Oil Mist for Electric Motors
- Energy Cost Advantages With Oil Mist Lubricated Electric Motors
- Chapter 14 Lubricating Pumps
- Oil Versus Grease
- Oil Lubrication Experience
- Grease Lubrication
- Rankings
- Oil Mist Lubrication for Pumps and Motors
- Choosing the Correct Oil Viscosity for Pump Lubrication
- More on Pump Bearings and Allowable Temperatures
- Lubrication Options for Modern API-610
- Compliant Vertical Pumps
- API 610 Highlights
- Lubrication Options for “Zone Zero” Vertical Pumps
- Chapter 15 Lubricating Paper Machine and Forestry Equipment
- Modern Paper Machine (PM) Oils Have Grown Sophisticated
- Teresstic N Paper Machine Oils
- Teresstic N EP Paper Machine Oil
- Cylesstic Steam Cylinder and Worm Gear Oil
- Exxon Sawguide Bio SHP Synthetic Lubricant
- Teresstic SHP Synthetic Paper Machine Oils
- Other Lubricants for the Paper and Forest Products Industry
- How High Performance Oils and Greases Extend the Application Range for Paper Machine Sealed Bearing
- Chapter 16 Lubricating Steam and Gas Turbines
- Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines
- Utility Steam Turbines
- Pressure Lubrication of Multistage Steam Turbines
- Chapter 17 Compressors and Gas Engines
- Lubrication System
- Seal Oil System
- Compressor Lubricants
- Lubrication of Gas Engines
- Lubricant Recommendations for Natural Gas Engines
- Chapter 18 Lubricant Purchase, Handling and Storage Methods
- Implementing a Cradle-To-Cradle Lubricant Management Program
- Designing and Preparing a Lubricant Storage Area
- Handling Lubricants
- Labeling Lubricant Storage Devices
- Waste Oil Management
- Chapter 19 Lube Oil Contamination, Filtration and On-Stream Purification Control
- The Contamination Effect
- Contamination Sources
- Solids Contamination
- Filtration and Contamination Control Devices
- Bearing Longevity and Contamination
- Chapter 20 Equipment Storage Lubrication
- Storage Protection and Lubrication Management
- Anticorrosion Agents
- Lubricant Consolidation
- Chapter 21 Lubricant Condition Testing—Oil Analysis
- Detecting Machine Faults and Abnormal Wear Conditions
- Performing Condition-Based Oil Changes
- Monitoring and Proactively Responding to Oil Contamination
- Oil Sampling Methods Examined
- Selection of Type of Oil Analysis
- Monitoring Changing Oil Properties
- Monitoring Oil Contamination
- Wear Particle Detection and Analysis
- Interpreting Test Results
- Simple Steps to Implementing an Industrial Oil Analysis Program
- Importance of Training
- Chapter 22 Implementing a Quality Lubrication Management Program
- Developing a Lubrication Management Program to the ISO 55001 Asset Management Standard
- Lubrication Program Objectives
- Lubrication Technician Certification
- Certification Body of Knowledge
- Appendix A Lubrication Program
- Appendix B Conversion Tables
- Glossary of Terms
- Index
Authors:
Heinz P. Bloch and Kenneth Bannister
e-ISBN: 9788770222648